Smart Transdermal Drug Delivery Devices

Abstract

Smart transdermal drug delivery systems are transforming conventional patch-based therapies by integrating wearable sensors, intelligent control algorithms, and real-time physiological monitoring into a single therapeutic platform. Despite significant advances in flexible electronics and Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) technologies, current transdermal devices generally operate using predetermined dosing schedules rather than dynamically adapting to changing patient physiology. This manuscript addresses this limitation by proposing an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-enabled adaptive drug delivery framework that combines multimodal physiological sensing with machine learning–based dosage optimization. The identified research gap lies in the absence of integrated predictive intelligence capable of continuously adjusting drug diffusion rates according to patient-specific biological signals. The proposed conceptual framework employs temporal physiological data, reinforcement-based optimization, and explainable decision support to personalize therapeutic administration. Recent developments in wearable biosensors, flexible microelectronics, and AI-assisted healthcare (2021–2026) are synthesized to establish the technological context. The study aims to improve therapeutic precision, minimize adverse events, and enhance long-term patient adherence through intelligent closed-loop transdermal systems